Polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

A polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The polymer is formed by processing a nucleophilic polycondensation between a fluorine-containing monomer having an electron-withdrawing group and a multi-phenyl monomer. A main structure of the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s has a first portion with fluoro or trifluoromethyl substituted phenyl groups, and a second portion with sulfonated phenyl groups.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This invention is partly disclosed in a thesis entitled“Fluorine-containing Hydrocarbon Ionic Polymer as Proton ExchangeMembrane in PEMFC” on Jul. 7, 2014 completed by Jun-Jie Pang and Wen-YaoHuang, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a polymer of poly(arylene ether)s(PAEs) and a method of manufacturing the PAEs, and in particular relatesto a polymer of sulfonated poly(acrylene ether)s havingfluorine-containing substituents and a method of manufacturing thepolymer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The proton exchange membrane belongs to the solid-state electrolyte.Although it is different from the aqueous electrolyte in the voltaiccell, it also has functions similar to the electrolyte solution whichcan pass positive and negative ions, as it is a conductor. The mainfunction of the proton exchange membrane is to transmit protons, suchpolymers in the fuel cell are the most important elements, and directlyaffect the performance and life of the fuel cell. The requirements ofthe film are as follows: (a) a good proton transmission capacity (highion exchange capacity, a uniform microphase separation); (2) able to beisolated from the fuel (gas or methanol) contacts; (3) the catalystlayer in close contact with the film (a good adhesion); and (4) havesufficient mechanical strength and heat tolerance.

The current manufacturing method of the proton exchange membrane can beclassified into four types, as shown in FIGS. 1A to 1D, which areschematic diagrams for showing the possible structures of the currentsulfonated polymer used in a proton exchange membrane, in which thehatched segments represent the hydrophobic segments, and the unmarkedsegment represents the hydrophilic segments. The sulfonated polymershown in FIG. 1A has a linear long chain structure. Although it can beattached with a plurality of sulfonate groups, the sulfonate groups arenot enough. The sulfonated polymer shown in FIG. 1B has a branched mainchain structure. Although it can be attached with a plurality ofsulfonate groups, the proton conductivity thereof is low at hightemperatures. The sulfonated polymer shown in FIG. 1C has a linear longchain structure. Although it has more sulfonate groups and higher IEC,the mechanical properties and thermal stability are on the low side. Thesulfonated polymer shown in FIG. 1D has a linear main chain structureand has a partially dense distribution of the sulfonic acid groups.Therefore, it has relatively better physical and chemical propertiesrequired for a proton exchange membrane.

FIG. 1D shows the locally and densely sulfonated polymer developed inthe past two years. This method can gather the sulfonate groups moreefficiently to form a locally hydrophilic segment. Therefore, themembrane will have a more concentrated sulfonate hydrophilic end and alonger hydrophobic end within an appropriate IEC value, which has thesame conductivity as Nafion and keeps excellent mechanical properties.However, in addition to the conductivity, a good proton exchangemembrane must have the advantages of good dimensional stability, thermalstability, high proton transition capability, chemical stability,process stability, and low cost for production. In the aspect ofdimensional stability, the proton exchange membrane formed by theabovementioned locally and densely sulfonated polymer still has higherwater absorption because the sulfonated positions and the number ofsulfonate groups cannot be precisely controlled, and thus the lengthswelling and the thickness swelling of the proton exchange membrane arealso affected.

It is therefore necessary to provide a polymer of fluorine-containingsulfonated poly(arylene ether)s and a method of manufacturing thepolymer capable of being used for producing a proton exchange membranehaving a better dimensional stability, in order to solve the problemsexisting in the conventional technology as described above.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A primary object of the present invention is to provide a polymer offluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s and a method ofmanufacturing the polymer, in addition to more phenyl groups forconnecting with more sulfonate groups, the polymer offluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s haselectron-withdrawing groups such as trifluoromethyl (—CF₃) or fluorogroups (—F) to inactivate the phenyl groups to prevent the phenyl groupshaving the trifluoromethyl or fluoro groups from being attacked by asulfonation reagent and being connected with the sulfonation reagentduring sulfonation reaction, thereby forming a better microphaseseparation. Moreover, hydrophobic fluorine atoms can avoid the follow-upobtained proton exchange membrane to absorb excess water molecules, andexcessive swelling thereof, thus dimensional stability of the protonexchange membrane can be maintained.

To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a polymer offluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s, having themolecular formula given in the following formula (1):

wherein X is

Y is

andwherein Z is independently selected from a fluoro- and trifluoromethylgroup; n is an integer equal to or greater than 2; i is an integer from0 to 10; j is an integer from 1 to 10; and k is an integer from 1 to 6.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the polymer offluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s is

In one embodiment of the present invention, the polymer offluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s is applied to form athin film which is used as a proton exchange membrane and applied to afuel cell system.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing apolymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s,comprising steps of:

(S01) providing a fluorine-containing monomer having the structure givenin the following formula (I):

wherein X is

D1 is a halogen or hydroxyl group; Z is independently selected from afluoro- or trifluoromethyl group; and k is an integer from 1 to 6;(S02) providing a multi-phenyl monomer having the structure given in thefollowing formula (II):

D2-Y-D2  (II),

wherein Y is

and D2 is halogen or hydroxyl group;(S03) processing a nucleophilic polycondensation between thefluorine-containing monomer and the multi-phenyl monomer to form apolymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)s having the structuregiven in the following formula (III):

wherein n is an integer greater than or equal to 2, and D2 is thehydroxyl group if D1 is the halogen group, or D2 is the halogen group ifD1 is the hydroxyl group; and(S04) carrying out a sulfonation modification of the polymer offluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)s to form the polymer offluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the fluorine-containingmonomer in step (S01) is selected from

In one embodiment of the present invention, the fluorine-containingmonomer in the step (S01) is selected from

In one embodiment of the present invention, the fluorine-containingmonomer in the step (S01) is selected from

In one embodiment of the present invention, the step (S04) is performedby:

dissolving the polymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)s indichloromethane to be a first solution;adding a mixture formed by lauric acid and chlorosulfonic acid into thefirst solution under a nitrogen atmosphere, so as to be a secondsolution which proceeds the sulfonation modification;adding cyclohexane and ether into the second solution after thesulfonation modification, so as to be a third solution;separating a reaction product from the third solution, and collectingthe reaction product; anddrying the reaction product to obtain the polymer of fluorine-containingsulfonated poly(arylene ether)s.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the method further comprisesa step (S05) after the step (S04) for:

dissolving the polymer of sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s in an organicsolvent by phase changing, and forming a thin film by coating.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the thin film is used as aproton exchange membrane and applied to a fuel cell system.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A to 1D are schematic diagrams for showing the possiblestructures of the current sulfonated polymer used in a proton exchangemembrane.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The structure and the technical means adopted by the present inventionto achieve the above and other objects can be best understood byreferring to the following detailed description of the preferredembodiments. Furthermore, if there is no specific description in theinvention, singular terms such as “a”, “one”, and “the” include theplural number. For example, “a compound” or “at least one compound” mayinclude a plurality of compounds, and the mixtures thereof. If there isno specific description in the invention, the “%” means “weightpercentage (wt %)”, and the numerical range (e.g. 10%˜11% of A) containsthe upper and lower limit (i.e. 10%≦A≦11%). If the lower limit is notdefined in the range (e.g. less than, or below 0.2% of B), it means thatthe lower limit is 0 (i.e. 0%≦B≦0.2%). The proportion of “weightpercent” of each component can be replaced by the proportion of “weightportion” thereof. The abovementioned terms are used to describe andunderstand the present invention, but the present invention is notlimited thereto.

The present invention provides a polymer of fluorine-containingsulfonated poly(arylene ether)s and a method of manufacturing the same,the polymer is suitable for use as a functional polymer film, such as aproton exchange membrane or a solid electrolyte, and in particular foruse as a proton exchange membrane in a fuel cell system.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the polymer offluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s has the molecularformula given in the following formula (1):

wherein X is

Y is

and wherein Z is independently selected from fluoro and trifluoromethylgroup; n is an integer greater than or equal to 2; i is an integer from0 to 10; j is an integer from 1 to 10; and k is an integer from 1 to 6.Preferably, the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(aryleneether)s can be one of the following structural formulas (2)˜(4).

As shown in above formulas (2) to (5), the sulfonate groups (—SO₃H) arepreferably located at the phenyl groups without Z, because Z is afluorine-containing substituent, which is an electron-withdrawing group,so as to control the substituted positions of the sulfonate groups inthe phenyl group, thereby adjusting the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicityof the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s toachieve excellent microphase separation. In addition, when there are twoor more fluorine-containing substituents, each of them can be adifferent group, for example, each of one fluoro group (—F) and twotrifluoromethyl groups (—CF₃) can be located at different phenyl ringsin the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s,and they can be independently at the ortho-, meta-, or para position ofthe phenyl rings.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method ofmanufacturing a polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(aryleneether)s, comprising steps of (S01) providing a fluorine-containingmonomer; (S02) providing a multi-phenyl monomer (S03) processing anucleophilic polycondensation between the fluorine-containing monomerand the multi-phenyl monomer to form a polymer of fluorine-containingpoly(arylene ether)s; and (S04) carrying out a sulfonation modificationof the polymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)s to form apolymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s. Theprinciple and the implementation details of each step in this embodimentof the present invention will be described in detail hereinafter.

First, the method of manufacturing a polymer of fluorine-containingsulfonated poly(arylene ether)s according to one embodiment of thepresent invention is the step (S01): providing a fluorine-containingmonomer. In this step, the fluorine-containing monomer has the structuregiven in the following formula (I):

wherein X is

D1 is halogen or hydroxyl group; Z is independently selected fromfluoro- or trifluoromethyl group; and k is an integer of 1˜6. Thefluorine-containing monomer is preferably selected from

In addition, In this step, the preparation of the fluorine-containingmonomer, comprising steps, for example: using 4-bromophenyl acetic acid

to react in the presence of magnesium oxide (MgO) at 200° C. and anintermediate 1 is obtained:

wherein the bromo group (Br⁻) of 4-bromophenyl acetic acid can bereplaced by a fluoro group (F⁻) or a chloro group (Cl⁻). Subsequently, amixture of intermediate 1 and1,2-Bis(3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethane-1,2-dione

react in the presence of benzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide of themethanol solution (40 wt %) and triethylene glycol at a temperature of115° C. to give the intermediate 2:

Subsequently, the intermediate 2 and diphenylacetylene

are mixed in diphenyl ether at a temperature of 220° C. and react togive a multi-phenyl dibromo compound as the intermediate 3:

Then, the intermediate 3 and 4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethylphenylboronicacid

are mixed with toluene, THF (Tetrahydrofuran), and ethanol, and acatalyst (dichlorobis[di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphino]palladium(II)) (Pd(amphos)Cl₂) and 2Mpotassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) aqueous solution is added to react and formthe fluorine-containing monomer 4:

Next, the method of manufacturing a polymer of fluorine-containingsulfonated poly(arylene ether)s according to one embodiment of thepresent invention is the step (S02): providing a multi-phenyl monomer,having the structure given in the following formula (II):

D2-Y-D2  (II),

wherein Y is

and D2 is a halogen or hydroxyl group. Preferably, D2 can be a halogengroup, such as fluoro (—F) or chloro (—Cl), but it is not limitedthereto. In this step, the multi-phenyl monomer may be directlycommercially available. Alternatively, it can be prepared by the steps,for example: providing the intermediate 1

according to the step (S01). Subsequently, a mixture of intermediate 1and benzil

react in the presence of benzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide of themethanol solution (40 wt %) and triethylene glycol at a temperature of115° C. to give the intermediate 5:

Subsequently, the Intermediate 5 and diphenylacetylene

are mixed in diphenyl ether at a temperature of 220° C. and react to irea multi-phenyl dibromo compound as the intermediate 6:

Then, the intermediate 6 and 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid

are mixed and stirred in toluene, and a catalyst(dichlorobis[di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphino]palladium(II)) (Pd(amphos)Cl₂) and 2Mpotassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) aqueous solution are added to react and forman intermediate 7:

Finally, the intermediate 7 and boron tribromide (BBr₃) are mixed in anappropriate amount of anhydrous methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂) or anhydrouschloroform (CHCl₃) as a solvent, at −78° C., nitrogen atmosphere, tocarry out the reaction and obtain the multi-phenyl monomer 8:

wherein the above-mentioned boron tribromide (BBr₃) may be replaced byboron trifluoride (BF₃) or boron trichloride (BCl₃).

In addition, it should be noted that the steps (S01) and (S02) of thepresent invention may be interchanged or carried out simultaneously.

Next, the method of manufacturing a polymer of fluorine-containingsulfonated poly(arylene ether)s according to one embodiment of thepresent invention is the step (S03): processing a nucleophilicpolycondensation between the fluorine-containing monomer and themulti-phenyl monomer to form a polymer of fluorine-containingpoly(arylene ether)s. In this step, the fluorine-containing monomer 4,the multi-phenyl monomer 8, and potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) are added toa distillation apparatus, then an appropriate amount of toluene andN,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) are added. After the above monomers aredissolved in toluene, the toluene is removed at high temperature, andthen the temperature is lowered to 140° C. in order to carry out thereaction to give the polymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)s9:

Next, the method of manufacturing a polymer of fluorine-containingsulfonated poly(arylene ether)s according to one embodiment of thepresent invention is the step (S04): carrying out a sulfonationmodification of the polymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)sto form a polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(aryleneether)s. In this step, the polymer of fluorine-containing poly(aryleneether)s 9 is dissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane to be a firstsolution; and a sulfonation reagent is added into the first solutionunder a nitrogen atmosphere, so as to be a second solution for asulfonation reaction. The sulfonation reagent can be a mixture formed bylauric acid and chlorosulfonic acid. Subsequently, cyclohexane and etherare added into the second solution, so as to be a third solution. Afterthis, a reaction product is separated from the third solution, and thenthe reaction product is collected and washed with deionized water.Finally, the reaction product is dried in vacuum to obtain the polymerof fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s.

Furthermore, depending on the requirements, the above-mentioned polymerof fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s according to thepresent invention may be produced into a suitable form for standby, forexample, after the step (S04), a step (S05) is further included fordissolving the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(aryleneether)s in an organic solvent by phase changing, and coating the polymeron a surface then forming a thin film after drying, for example, thethin film can serve as a proton exchange membrane having the solid-stateelectrolyte and to be applied to a fuel cell system, but it is notlimited thereto. It may also be used as other functional films,molecular separation membranes, or materials having proton transmissioncharacteristics.

To make the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(aryleneether)s and the method for manufacturing the polymer provided by thepresent invention more definite, and verify the dimensional stabilitythereof, please refer to the experiment process and the resultsdescribed in the following.

First, the abovementioned step (S03) is performed by using thefluorine-containing monomer and the multi-phenyl monomer as shown inTable 1 in order to prepare the polymer of fluorine-containingpoly(arylene ether)s 12FP1, 12FP4, 18FP1, and 18FP4.

TABLE 1 Polymer of fluorine- containing poly(arylene ether)sfluorine-containing monomer multi-phenyl monomer 12FP1

12FP4

18FP1

18FP4

Refer to Table 2, which shows number average molecular weight (Mn),weight average molecular weight (Mw), and polydispersity (PDI) of thepolymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)s (12FP1, 12FP4,18FP1, 18FP4) before sulfonation.

TABLE 2 Polymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)s Mn Mw PDI12FP1 156,000 228,000 1.46 12FP4 116,000 157,000 1.35 18FP1 99,400163,000 1.64 18FP4 145,000 194,000 1.34

Next, the polymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)s isdissolved in anhydrous dichloromethane, and a mixture of lauric acid andchlorosulfonic acid was added therein under a nitrogen atmosphere forsulfonation reaction. Subsequently, cyclohexane and ether are added forseparating out the product, and then the product was filtered, collectedand washed by deionized water. Finally, the product was dried in vacuumto obtain the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(aryleneether)s S12FP1, S12FP4, S18FP1, and S18FP4, which has the structuregiven in the formula (2)˜(5), respectively. By adding different doses ofthe sulfonation reagent, there were provided eight polymers havingdifferent sulfonation degrees, as shown in Table 3, the IEC is 0.20mmol/g˜2.69 mmol/g, and the sulfonation degree is 15%˜91%.

TABLE 3 Sulfonation Polymer of reagent sulfonated (Lauric acid +Sulfonation poly(arylene Chlorosulfonic IEC degree ether)s acid) (c.c.)(mmol/g) (%) S12FP1-2.02 6 2.02 75 S12FP1-2.47 10 2.47 91 S12FP4-2.67 62.67 80 S12FP4-2.69 10 2.69 81 S18FP1-0.20 6 0.20 15 S18FP1-0.28 10 0.2821 S18FP4-1.20 6 1.20 54 S18FP4-1.90 10 1.90 85

The abovementioned polymers of fluorine-containing sulfonatedpoly(arylene ether)s all have good thermal stability with two pyrolysisstages. The first stage results from the pyrolysis of the sulfonategroups, and Td5% is around 248° C.˜348° C. The pyrolysis degree raiseswith the sulfonation degree, thus the sulfonation degree can beindirectly proofed. The second stage results from the pyrolysis of themain chains, the pyrolysis temperature thereof corresponds with thepyrolysis temperature of the polymer before sulfonation, which showsthat the polymers of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)shave high thermal stability. The water absorption of the thin filmformed by the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(aryleneether)s is about 0˜170%, and the dimensional stability of the length andthe thickness can be maintained respectively within 35% and 39%.Therefore, the proton exchange membrane has good dimensional stability.In addition, the proton conductivity of the membrane can reached around0.23 S/cm.

Compared with conventional techniques, the polymer offluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s according to thepresent invention has a first portion with electron-withdrawing groupsfrom a fluorine-containing monomer, and a second portion withmulti-phenyl groups from a multi-phenyl monomer. This main structure canbe obtained by processing a nucleophilic polycondensation andsulfonation reaction. Because the fluorine-containing substituents (—For —CF₃) are introduced into the monomers, the phenyl groups will beinactivated to prevent the phenyl groups having the trifluoromethyl orfluoro groups from being attacked by a sulfonation reagent and beingconnected with the sulfonation reagent during sulfonation reaction sothat the positions of the sulfonate groups can be efficiently controlledto locally and densely distribute on the phenyl rings for providing thehydrophilicity. Therefore, the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonatedpoly(arylene ether)s not only has a good microphase separation, but alsomakes the sulfonate groups being gathered efficiently, so as toconstruct a better proton passages for transmitting protons. Meanwhile,the electron-withdrawing fluorine-containing groups can protect thephenyl groups and provide hydrophobicity, so that the produced membraneof the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)shas water absorption ranged from 0% to 170%, and the dimensionalstability of the length and the thickness can be maintained respectivelywithin 35% and 39%. Compared with the current sulfonated polymers, thepolymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s of thepresent invention ensure a good degree of polymerization, thermalstability, mechanical properties and conductivity, and further hasbetter dimensional stability.

The present invention has been described with preferred embodimentsthereof and it is understood that many changes and modifications to thedescribed embodiments can be carried out without departing from thescope and the spirit of the invention that is intended to be limitedonly by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonatedpoly(arylene ether)s, having a molecular formula given in the followingformula (1):

wherein X is

Y is

and wherein Z is independently selected from a fluoro- andtrifluoromethyl group; n is an integer greater than or equal to 2; i isan integer from 0 to 10; j is an integer from 1 to 10; and k is aninteger from 1 to
 6. 2. The polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonatedpoly(arylene ether)s according to claim 1, wherein the polymer offluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s is


3. The polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether)saccording to claim 1, wherein the polymer of fluorine-containingsulfonated poly(arylene ether)s is coated to form a thin film which isused as a proton exchange membrane and applied to a fuel cell system. 4.A method of manufacturing a polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonatedpoly(arylene ether)s, comprising steps of: (S01) providing afluorine-containing monomer having a structure given in the followingformula (I):

wherein X is

D1 is halogen or hydroxyl group; Z is independently selected fromfluoro- or trifluoromethyl group; and k is an integer from 1 to 6; (S02)providing a multi-phenyl monomer having a structure given in thefollowing formula (II):D2-Y-D2  (II)

and D2 is halogen or hydroxyl group; (S03) processing a nucleophilicpolycondensation between the fluorine-containing monomer and themulti-phenyl monomer to form a polymer of fluorine-containingpoly(arylene ether)s having a structure given in the following formula(III):

wherein n is an integer greater than or equal to 2; and D2 is thehydroxyl group if D1 is the halogen group, or D2 is the halogen group ifD1 is the hydroxyl group; and (S04) carrying out a sulfonationmodification of the polymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)sto form the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(aryleneether)s according to claim
 1. 5. The method according to claim 4,wherein the fluorine-containing monomer in step (S01) is selected from


6. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fluorine-containingmonomer in the step (S01) is selected from


7. The method according to claim 4, wherein the fluorine-containingmonomer in the step (SOI) is selected from


8. The method according to claim 4, wherein the step (S04) is performedby: dissolving the polymer of fluorine-containing poly(arylene ether)sin dichloromethane to be a first solution; adding a mixture formed bylauric acid and chlorosulfonic acid into the first solution under anitrogen atmosphere, so as to be a second solution which proceeds thesulfonation modification; adding cyclohexane and ether into the secondsolution after the sulfonation modification, so as to be a thirdsolution; separating a reaction product from the third solution, andcollecting the reaction product; and drying the reaction product toobtain the polymer of fluorine-containing sulfonated poly(aryleneether)s.
 9. The method according to claim 4, wherein the method furthercomprises a step (S05) after the step (S04) for: dissolving the polymerof sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s in an organic solvent by phasechanging, and forming a thin film by coating.
 10. The method accordingto claim 9, wherein the thin film is used as a proton exchange membraneand applied to a fuel cell system.